Base stations without fiber optic cables

Base stations can operate without fiber optic cables using wireless backhaul technologies such as microwave links, millimeter-wave radios, and laser-based optical communication systems.Wireless Backhaul Alternatives

Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Links: Base stations can connect to the core network using point-to-point microwave or millimeter-wave radios. These systems transmit data over radio frequencies, often covering distances from a few kilometers up to 100 km, depending on frequency and line-of-sight conditions. They are widely used in areas where laying fiber is impractical or cost-prohibitive, providing capacities from several Mbps to multiple Gbps . Free-Space Optics (FSO) / Laser Communication: Technologies like Taara Lightbridge use laser beams to transmit data between base stations without fiber. These systems establish ultra-fast, line-of-sight connections with speeds up to 20 Gbps over distances of around 12 miles. They are particularly useful in rugged terrains, across rivers, or in remote regions where fiber deployment is challenging . Mesh and Peer-to-Peer Radio Networks: In extremely remote or disaster-affected areas, base stations can form mesh networks or direct radio links without relying on fiber or traditional infrastructure. These networks use VHF, UHF, or microwave bands to enable communication over long distances, supporting both voice and data transmission .

Advantages and Considerations

• Rapid Deployment: Wireless backhaul can be installed faster than fiber, reducing time-to-market for network expansion.
• Cost-Effective: Avoids the high costs of trenching and laying fiber in difficult terrain.
• Flexibility: Can be relocated or upgraded more easily than fixed fiber connections.
• Limitations: Line-of-sight is often required for microwave and laser links, and weather conditions can affect performance, particularly for optical systems .

Applications

These solutions are commonly deployed in:

• Rural and remote areas lacking fiber infrastructure.
• Temporary or emergency networks, such as disaster recovery scenarios.
• Private or enterprise networks requiring flexible, high-capacity connectivity.
• 4G and 5G small cell deployments where fiber access is limited . By leveraging these wireless backhaul technologies, mobile operators can maintain high-speed connectivity and expand network coverage without relying on fiber optic cables.